Complex, single-piece structures are strong and lightweight
Three-dimensional (3D) weaving of composite fabrics can produce complex, single-piece structures that are strong and lightweight. Compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) fabrics, 3D weaving reduces weight, eliminates the delamination often experienced with 2D fabrics, reduces crack risks, and lowers production time. 3D fabrics also offer direct and indirect manufacturing and operational cost reductions.
WHAT IS 3D WEAVING?
Most fabrics are woven in two dimensions—the X axis (length) and the Y axis (width). 3D woven fabrics include weaving through the thickness, or the Z axis. This produces complex, single-piece structures.
Looms are the primary tool for weaving fabrics. Nearly as old as civilization itself, looms are ideal machines for weaving 2D fabrics, including webbing, straps, belts, and tapes. However, they cannot weave 3D fabrics without extensive tooling.
In 1991, Bally Ribbon Mills (BRM) received a research contract from the United States Air Force Research Laboratory that started the company on the path to developing the requisite technology for 3D weaving. The experience gained from researching and ultimately building the first fully automated 3D bias loom, gave BRM the knowledge and experience to develop other 3D woven composites, including: orthogonal panels, thermal protection systems, near-net-shape, and complex net shape preforms for the aerospace, automotive, construction, military, and safety industries.
BENEFITS OF 3D WEAVING
3D weaving is an emerging technology that offers a variety of benefits over both 2D composite production and more traditional building materials, like steel and aluminum. The key benefits include weight reduction, elimination of delamination, reduced crack risk, lower production time, and cost reduction.
Weight reduction. 3D woven composites are drastically lighter than metal structures.
Elimination of delamination. Delamination occurs when two or more layers of a 2D woven composite come apart, or delaminate, from each other. Delamination undermines the strength and reliability of the part, which must be replaced to prevent damage and severe safety issues. Delamination is the primary cause of damage to 2D laminated composites.
3D weaving produces near-net-shape composite structures that are fully interconnected by their yarn, as opposed to 2D composites which include a number of different layers of materials artificially bonded together. This means there is no risk of delamination in 3D woven composites, ensuring they retain strength and reliability.
Reduced crack risk. 2D laminated composites are prone to cracking, especially in structures with bends, such as T-shaped structures. Due to curvature limitations in the layers, many 2D shapes have considerable gaps in joints and intersections. These spaces and pockets are often filled with resin, which can crack.
3D woven composites, even in complex shapes, have no empty pockets, as their structural integrity extends along all three axes. Crack rates in 3D woven composites are therefore far lower than in 2D laminated composites.
Lower production times. 2D composite production is a long and precise process. Numerous layers of 2D material are woven, either individually or in larger format and then cut to size. These layers are then pre-impregnated with certain resins, making them what are known as “prepreg” materials. These materials are then stacked and shaped into the requisite form in a process known as plying. Plying is often done by hand and is expensive and extremely time consuming. The layers are then laminated together in shape by infusion with additional resins—some processes and structures even require the material layers to be stitched together prior to lamination. Finally, the structure is set for a period of time, during which the resins cure.
After the structures are properly cured, further machining is required to form a finished product. Required secondary machining processes can include cutting, scraping, sanding, deburring, and drilling.
By contrast, 3D weaving of composite structures is simpler, faster, and more cost efficient. Similar to 2D looms, 3D weaving looms weave weft and warp yarns along the X and Y axis. The difference in a 3D loom is that instead of the fabric continuing along the Y axis, it builds upon itself vertically—weft and warp yarns are not only woven together on one plane, but one plane is woven together with the next.
Aside from designing a 3D weave, which requires highly skilled design engineers, the 3D weaving process is fully automated and results in net shape or near net shape parts. This dramatically reduces manufacturing time despite the increased complexity of the 3D weaving process.
By weaving entire structures in 3D, the slow and costly plying process—the longest and most costly portion of manufacturing a 2D laminated composite structure—is completely eliminated, significantly speeding production and lowering cost.
Cost. Utilizing 3D woven composite structures in place of traditional metal or 2D laminated composites can provide cost savings through both the manufacturing process and the product’s operational lifetime. Automated 3D weaving technology and near net shape capabilities reduce direct labor and secondary machining costs.
Indirect cost savings result from operational cost savings, for example reduced fuel. In addition, because 3D woven composites are stronger, more resilient, and less prone to breakage than 2D laminated composites, they can be replaced much less often, reducing replacement and maintenance costs.
3D WEAVING APPLICATIONS
Along with thick panels and engine parts, 3D woven components also function well in joining two structures together. Because of the nature of the 3D weave, strength and support is translated in all three dimensions, thus enabling the join to reinforce the strength along the load paths of the sub-structures being joined together. These 3D woven shapes for joining can be tailored to suit the architecture of the structure itself, as well as the sub-components being joined. 3D woven fabric can be used to create load-bearing composite materials, which have great potential as building materials in the construction industry.
CONCLUSION
Utilizing 3D woven composite structures in place of traditional metal or 2D laminated composites can provide cost savings through both the manufacturing process and a product’s operational lifetime.
About the author:
Mark Harries is a marketing executive at Bally Ribbon Mills. He is a fourth-generation owner and has been with the company for 16 years. For more information, visit www.ballyribbon.com.
Modern Contractor Solutions, March 2019
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